Next, automated Surveyor soft landers would visit potential One-Way Space Man landing sites to retur

When the seven Mercury astronauts were presented to the world on Apr. 9, 1959, it was expected that, before any reached for Earth orbit, each would fly a suborbital training flight. These short flights, launched on modified Redstone missiles, would subject the astronauts to preflight preparations, liftoff and acceleration, a brief period of weightlessness, fiery reentry and deceleration, and splashdown and recovery budget hotels in amsterdam in short, all of the stresses of an orbital mission. This was judged to be a prudent approach to preparing America s astronauts for the rigors of orbital spaceflight.
Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin s launch into Earth orbit in the 10,420-pound Vostok 1 capsule three years later (Apr. 12, 1961) consigned this plan to the dustbin. On May 5, 1961, astronaut Alan Shepard flew a 303-mile-long, 116-mile-high suborbital hop lasting 15 minutes, budget hotels in amsterdam 22 seconds in the 4,040-pound Mercury-Redstone 3/ Freedom 7 spacecraft. The flight was widely compared with Gagarin s 108-minute single orbit and derided as proof that the Soviet Union remained far ahead of the United States in space and that it was, perhaps, superior in other ways.
Before a joint session of Congress on May 25, 1961, President John F. Kennedy called on NASA to land an American on the moon and return him safely to Earth before 1970. NASA tapped Apollo, previously planned as an Earth-orbital program with circumlunar potential, as its new lunar landing program. budget hotels in amsterdam As for suborbital Mercury training flights, prudence went out the window. NASA flew only one more suborbital mission Gus Grissom s Mercury-Redstone budget hotels in amsterdam 4 flight (July 21, 1961), which ended with the loss of the Liberty Bell 7 spacecraft during budget hotels in amsterdam recovery before terminating Mercury-Redstone to concentrate on Mercury-Atlas orbital flights. Two weeks after Grissom s 15-minute, 37-second flight, Gherman Titov orbited budget hotels in amsterdam the Earth 17.5 times in 25 hours on board Vostok 2 (Aug. 6 to 7, 1961), adding to feelings of humiliation and desperation in the United States.
By the time John Glenn became the first American in orbit (Feb. 20, 1962), NASA and several budget hotels in amsterdam advisory committees were debating how the U.S. should reach for the moon. At the same time, the U.S. civilian space agency began planning a program to bridge the gap between Mercury and Apollo. On Dec. 7, 1961, NASA announced plans for a two-man Mercury Mark II spacecraft that would surpass Vostok s achievements beginning in 1963 and 1964. In January 1962, Mercury Mark II was renamed Gemini. The Gemini missions would expose astronauts to space conditions for up to two weeks (roughly the duration of a lunar mission) and give them spacewalk and orbital maneuvering practice.
Many feared, however, that Gemini, like Mercury, would be upstaged. Though the Soviets remained cagey about their space plans, budget hotels in amsterdam it was widely assumed that their apparent lead in powerful booster rockets budget hotels in amsterdam would permit them to launch a man to the moon and return budget hotels in amsterdam him to Earth in about 1965.
Against this backdrop, John M. Cord, a Project Engineer in the Advanced Design Division at Bell Aerosystems Company, and Leonard M. Seale, a psychologist in charge of Bell s Human Factors budget hotels in amsterdam Division, budget hotels in amsterdam developed a plan for a desperate mission to put a man on the moon ahead of the Soviets. They unveiled their One-Way Manned Space Mission proposal in Los Angeles at the Institute of Aerospace Sciences budget hotels in amsterdam (IAS) meeting in July 1962.
Cord and Seale explained that, since neither propellants for departing the moon nor parachutes and an Earth-atmosphere-reentry heatshield would be required, their new approach would slash lunar spacecraft mass. This would enable a rocket with between 450,000 and 1.1 million budget hotels in amsterdam pounds of thrust to launch a one-man moon lander on a Direct-Ascent path to the moon. Such a rocket would, they estimated, budget hotels in amsterdam be ready in the United States in 1964 or early 1965.
Though they termed it one-way, budget hotels in amsterdam Cord and Seale did not propose a suicide budget hotels in amsterdam mission. They estimated that a rocket capable of launching a three-man Direct-Ascent Apollo mission to retrieve the One-Way Space Man that is, a rocket with between 1.1 million and 3.5 million pounds of thrust at liftoff would become available in the U.S. in the 1965-to-1967 period, budget hotels in amsterdam between 18 and 24 months budget hotels in amsterdam after his arrival on the moon. Nevertheless, the mission would be extremely hazardous. This was due to the fact that, after its boost phase the period between budget hotels in amsterdam Earth liftoff and injection onto an Earth-moon path the astronaut would be unable to abort if some technical malfunction or unknown environmental danger threatened his life. If, on the other hand, the mission were a success, it would be significant both scientifically and politically.
Cord and Seale viewed their mission as part of a series of increasingly capable lunar missions. First would come automated lunar flyby and orbiter budget hotels in amsterdam missions to assess radiation hazards and photograph the moon for terrain assessment. Automated Ranger spacecraft would then photograph selected small areas up close as they plummeted toward destructive impact. A slightly different Ranger design would hard-land sturdy instruments, such as seismometers, on the moon.
Next, automated Surveyor soft landers would visit potential One-Way Space Man landing sites to return images and perform soil experiments so scientists budget hotels in amsterdam could determine budget hotels in amsterdam whether the One-Way Space Man would be able to land safely. Automated rovers would follow to gather detailed data on the One-Way Space Man landing site. A rover would also place a radio homing beacon at the site to guide the One-Way Space Man s crew lander and cargo landers to safe landings.
The One-Way Space Man mission would come next, then round-trip Apollo missions would begin. The first Apollo would, of course, set down near the One-Way Space Man s lunar base; one of the One-Way Space Man s tasks would be to select a safe site for the three-man Direct-Ascent Apollo lander that would take him home. The Apollo Program might then lead to a permanent lunar base a goal made more attainable, Cord and Seale argued, by the One-Way Space Man s experience.
While the flybys, orbiters, hard and soft landers, and rovers explored the moon, engineers would develop One-Way Space Man hardware. In addition to a suitable man-rated booster rocket perhaps one resembling the Saturn budget hotels in amsterdam I, which generated 1.5 million pounds of thrust in its eight H-1 first-stage engines they would develop a minimum crew capsule, a cargo capsule, a retro stage with extendible alighting gear for soft-landing both capsule types, and a layout for the One-Way Space Man s lunar base.
Testing would then begin. This would include Earth-orbital crew capsule tests bearing primates, much like those conducted ahead of the Mercury-Redstone budget hotels in amsterdam and Mercury-Atlas manned flights. A boilerplate cargo lander fitted out with engineering sensors and telemetry transmitters would land on the moon, then four cargo landers would home in on the rover-emplaced homing beacon budget hotels in amsterdam at the One-Way Space Man landing site. The four cargo flights would test systems common to the crew lander and would pre-land supplies and equipment the One-Way Space Man would use to build his base. Finally, the One-Way Space Man would depart budget hotels in amsterdam Earth for the moon.
Cord and Seale s crew capsule would measure 10 feet across its base and about seven feet tall. It would provide 345 cubic feet of living volume budget hotels in amsterdam for the One-Way Space Man. The capsule would have an empty mass of just 1,735 pounds less than half that of Mercury and a fully loaded mass of only 2,190 pounds. Its low mass was in large part attributable to its lack of an integral Earth-reentry heatshield the heatshield would be discarded at the end of the boost phase along with other launch-abort systems. In addition to the 180-pound astronaut, the capsule would carry food and water for 12 days (90 pounds), breathing oxygen for 12 days plus an 18-day emergency supply (60 pounds), a space suit with rechargeable life-support budget hotels in amsterdam backpack (90 pounds), tools and supplies (25 pounds), and health, first-aid, and safety budget hotels in amsterdam gear (10 pounds).
The thin-skinned budget hotels in amsterdam crew capsule would not provide adequate radiation protection during the One-Way Space Man s 2.5-day Earth-moon journey nor while he lived in it while setting up his lunar base. This was because providing adequate shielding would add so much mass to the capsule that it would scuttle the entire One-Way budget hotels in amsterdam Space Man plan. Cord and Seale noted that the next period of high solar flare activity would not begin until 1967, by which time, if all went well, the One-Way Space Man would have returned to Earth; they admitted, however, that more than 25 flares had occurred during the three years prior to their Los Angeles talk.
Immediately upon landing, the One-Way Space Man would set to work establishing his base. His would be a race against time; in addition to the constant threat of a solar flare, his crew capsule s fuel cells could provide electricity for no more than 9.5 days by the time he landed.
The One-Way Space Man would exit his crew capsule through one of two hatches. budget hotels in amsterdam The capsule would include no airlock; to exit or enter, the astronaut would need to depressurize or repressurize the entire capsule. The capsule atmosphere would consist of pure oxygen at a pressure of seven pounds per square inch.
The environment into which the One-Way Space Man would step would be extremely hazardous, Cord and Seale warned. budget hotels in amsterdam In fact, they forecast lunar surface conditions more harsh than actually budget hotels in amsterdam exist. They expected that the One-Way Space Man would find few level places and many sharp rocks. The irregular surface and knife-like rock shards would be especially hazardous during the One-Way Space Man s clumsy first days on the moon, when he would be unaccustomed to the low gravity (17 percent of Earth s), harsh sunlight (almost twice as bright budget hotels in amsterdam as on Earth), and deep shadows of the lunar surface.
Micrometeorite dust would cover portions of the surface budget hotels in amsterdam to a depth of about a yard, Cord and Seale reported. The One-Way Space Man would stir up the dust with his feet