Further along in the year of 1566, once the Inquisition was halted, was a time of growth of Protesta

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The Dutch Revolt against Hapsburg Spain was actually a revolt against religious kenny chesney tour schedule oppression and to safeguard kenny chesney tour schedule the religious consciences of the Dutch people. The Revolt was also a struggle for the preservation of liberties and privileges' based in the Burgundian era (1384 to 1482) that were viewed in constitution-like kenny chesney tour schedule terms. The great humanist Hugo Grotius believed that the old constitution of Holland was traceable to the old Batavian Republic and its resistance against the Romans kenny chesney tour schedule in its struggles to become a free republic, by a people of free origin " (Schama 1988 68, 69). The Revolt has meaning in both Belgium and the Netherlands as a nationalist event in terms of a revolt for national independence. The Revolt also serves the function of a national, unifying myth for both nations as significant kenny chesney tour schedule as the Second World War (van Gelderen 2001, Nierop 2002, 30). National symbols of the Netherlands began to emerge in the course of the Revolt. Simon Schama (1988) tells us that the great sieges of the 1570s gave rise to their expression on coins and medals kenny chesney tour schedule and formed the first signs of Dutch national kenny chesney tour schedule identity. In 1573 the lion rampant held within an enclosed stockade was elevated to a patriotic symbol (69). Benjamin Kaplan (2002) describes how propaganda pamphlets of the Dutch Revolt took on the theme of Netherlanders " as exceptional lovers and advocates of their liberty and enemies kenny chesney tour schedule of all violence and oppression " along the lines of religious liberty (179).
The effects of the Reformation and growing religious troubles in the Low Countries. The persecutions of Protestants kenny chesney tour schedule began in the Low Countries in 1525 under Hapsburg Spanish emperor, Charles V, and the first heretic was burned in Friesland in 1530. Besides the enormous influence of Luther on the Low Countries before 1520, the Christian humanism of Desiderius Erasmus was firmly established in culture, education, religion and civic government starting in about 1490 (Israel 1998, 83, 79, 47). The rising, or opstand , of mainly Holland and Ze e land was, according to Gordon Griffiths (1960), kenny chesney tour schedule favored by a minority of Calvinists, but a majority of town magistrates kenny chesney tour schedule held Erasmian views on religious matters and had no sympathies with the Calvinist-leaning, Sea Beggars who appeared to threaten the established kenny chesney tour schedule order (455-456).
This problem of growing religious agitation in the Netherlands was a serious concern for Charles V who warned his son, Philip II, to be especially vigilant in the Netherlands, as it could play a role in future conflicts with France. No matter the costs, the patrimonial lands and inherited kingdoms were not to be yielded to heretics or infidels and the Catholic faith must be defended from foreign attack or internal subversion (Gonzalez de Leon and Parker 2001, 106, 109, 110). After his visit to Low Countries, Philip sensed that the States General, a creation of the Burgundian Dukes to foster unity of the provinces, was a threat to royal power by forming a type of parliamentary government (van Gelderen 2008, x)
By 1559, the effects kenny chesney tour schedule Protestant mentality were in the air, undermining the Catholic Church, while Dutch Calvinism was still in its infancy. The papal bull in the same year was aimed at reorganizing the Catholic Church in the Netherlands also gave Philip II the right to appoint bishops. This plan was vigorously opposed for the fact it excluded local authorities, but intended to strengthen Philip s grip on the Low Countries. The nobility of the Low Countries were irritated by Philip s reliance on Cardinal Granvelle for advice and decisions, to the exclusion of the existing intuitions and mechanisms, like the main governmental Council of State (Israel 1998, 83; van Gelderen 2008, xi; Arblaster 2006, 120-121).
The royal rule by the Hapsburg Spanish replaced the governance kenny chesney tour schedule of the provinces with their own leaders. In the 1550s the nature of royal rule and the actions of inquisitors against Protestants alienated magistrates and nobility. The royal administration headed kenny chesney tour schedule by Granvelle sought to tick up the anti-heresy program and tighten their administrative and judicial grip over the towns and provinces. In the early 1560s some northerly nobles kenny chesney tour schedule begin to sympathize and tolerate Protestant activities and preaching. kenny chesney tour schedule The northern nobels put out calls for compromise and moderation of the Spanish inquisitorial regime, but these calls were rejected (Arblaster 2006, 120; Israel 1998, 141; van Gelderen 2008, xi).
Much of the annoyance that Dutch nobles felt stemmed from the threat to their cherished values of civic unity, public order and old liberty. The Revolt was provoked for the protection of liberty, as well as opposition to Spanish tyranny, and with the aim of forming a constitutional framework that protects privileges, freedoms, and old customs through institutions in the States. The privileges of 1477 and the Joyous Entry of Brabant were the instruments for forming political rights and duties. To become lord of the country, a prince had to take an oath and Phillip II took this oath in 1549. With regard to administration of justice, these instruments offered civic rights and protection against arbitrary, corrupt rule. These great charters were the concept for an implied constitution of the country kenny chesney tour schedule that sought to limit the powers of princes and safeguard Dutch liberty. The charters were the constitutional and legal guarantees of liberty, while the citizens of the Netherlands were viewed as its guardians. The struggles against the Spanish universal monarchy became opposed to Dutch political order based on liberty, constitutional charters, representative assemblies and civic virtues. (Griffiths 1960, 453; Darby 2001, 9; van Gelderen 2008, xii; xiii-xiv; van Gelderen 2004, 154-155).
Now God s word, as well as all rights, privileges, old habits, usages and customs, and all mutual contracts, treaties, and alliances of the Low Countries, validated and confirmed by the Lord of the country and the States, with God s word and the holy oath, makes it clear that these Netherlands have never been governed kenny chesney tour schedule as an absolute monarchy or kingdom.
On the contrary, the country has always been managed and administered, with right and justice through a republican or rational civic policy, in such a way that the lord of the country has been like a servant and professor of the country s rights, laws and regulations like a father of the fatherland, whose task it is to serve all, be they poor or rich, noble or common, with equal laws justice kenny chesney tour schedule and judgment (Michiels 1576, 85).
How the Revolt kenny chesney tour schedule began to boil over . The constitutional charters also called for resistance against what William of Orange openly kenny chesney tour schedule called tyrannical rule, from the tyrant of tyrants, Philip II. In April 1566, a group of 200 beggar kenny chesney tour schedule nobles forced themselves onto Margaret of Parma and vigorously demanded an end to the anti-heresy placards and Inquisition intuitions. The beggar-nobles asserted that the Inquisition was a trespass on their freedoms and burghers into miserable slaves kenny chesney tour schedule of the Inquisitors. This Petition of Compromise also contained a thin threat to resort to armed force and rebellion if the compromise was rejected. Margaret gave in and agreed that the anti-heresy placards be suspended until representatives of the States General met with the king in Spain (Israel 1998,145-146).
Further along in the year of 1566, once the Inquisition was halted, was a time of growth of Protestant churches across the Low Countries. Some of the nobility that held sympathy for the Protestants began to cast off their inhibitions and open Protestantizing was seen in several provinces. Open air, hedge preaching was attended by thousands as Calvinist preachers living in exile returned to help organize churches and congregations. On an August day in west Flanders, a mob attacked a convent after listening to a Calvinist sermon. From there a wave of Iconoclastic Fury, or beeldenstorm , swept in the form of gangs that toured the Low Countries and burned Catholic churches, smashed statues, defaced paintings and books. Catholic clergy were assaulted, publicly kenny chesney tour schedule humiliated and sometimes killed. The civic militias were often unwilling to intervene and stop the violence, kenny chesney tour schedule but in some instances, militias participated in agitating local authorities to allow space for Protestant worship (Israel 1998 146-147, 151; Arblaster kenny chesney tour schedule 2006, 120-121).
Decades of iconoclastic indoctrination by Erasmian humanists and crypto-Protestants in the schools, rhetoric chambers, and taverns of the Low Countries even in the churches had done its work. A deep estrangement kenny chesney tour schedule from the traditional forms of piety had set in decades before, and advanced so far to this point that the country s vast and ancient fabric of faith was looked on without veneration by most and hostility by many. Alienation of a society from its own religious culture, of such a scale, was a phenomenon without precedent or parallel (Israel 1998, 148).
but the one who determined to stop anti-catholic heresy was Philip II, who dispatched duke of Alva (sometimes spelled Alba) as the new governor, along with 10,000 Spanish and Italian troops, who traveled along the Spanish Road from Naples, through Switzerland. When Alva arrived in the Brussels in August 1567, the actions kenny chesney tour schedule that loyalist nobles and Margaret of Parma took had largely reestablished order. Alva was fanatically anti-Protestant and his intention was not to accept the restoration of public order, but to root out those who participated in the beeldenstorm and to drive out anti-Catholic heresy by force and violence (Geyl 1966, 100; Arblaster 2006).
The policies and actions of Hapsburg Spanish policy would certainly stir the Dutch into revolt. Upon arrival Alva had